William Galvin. Source: State brochure on avoiding pyramid schemes.
BULLETIN: (UPDATED 5:56 P.M. EDT U.S.A.) The Massachusetts Securities Division (MSD) has published a complaint form for TelexFree investors. Massachusetts Commonwealth Secretary William Galvin, who oversees MSD, also has published a brochure titled, “Illegal Pyramid Schemes Disguised as Multi-level Marketing Businesses (MLMs).”
Galvin’s investigators alleged on April 15 that TelexFree was a combined Ponzi- and pyramid scheme that had gathered more than $1.2 billion and sold unregistered securities. In November 2013, MSD alleged that WCM777, another “program” promoted in the state, also had sold unregistered securities. The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) later sued WCM777, alleging it was a “worldwide” pyramid scheme that had gathered at least $65 million. Likewise, the SEC has brought fraud allegations against TelexFree.
Both WCM777 and TelexFree were targeted at specific population groups, according to the allegations. Online promos show that the schemes had promoters in common and that prospects were encouraged to buy in at higher levels to receive higher payouts. Both “programs” were positioned as technology suppliers — TelexFree in VOIP and WCM777 in “cloud” computing.
As Galvin’s brochure notes (italics added):
In many illegal schemes the promoter spends little time explaining the product because the product is ancillary to the overall scheme. Recent schemes have involved products related to internet services, mobile marketing platforms, app sales, cloud computing services, and voice-over-internet applications.
These are just three of the bullet points in a warning by Galvin’s office today:
Don’t invest because your friends tell you it’s a good investment — use your own judgment and make your own decision.
Be wary of promoters who urge the purchase of higher positions in the distribution network to immediately increase payouts.
Be wary of promoters who urge quick establishment of distribution networks by adding family members, children, pets, etc.
There are plenty more. Read the online warning here. Download the PDF of the brochure. Access the TelexFree complaint form here.
Screen shot: Part of a letter from the Minnesota Department of Commerce to the state Public Utilities Commission.
BULLETIN: The Minnesota Department of Commerce has asked the state Public Utilities Commission to deny TelexFree’s authorization to provide long-distance service in the state.
Minnesota regulators now are questioning whether TelexFree financial and background information submitted to the state to gain telecom authority was accurate. The PUC granted the authority on April 18, after the Department of Commerce recommended approval of the application.
But a Department of Commerce letter and attachment to the PUC dated yesterday asks the agency to mothball TelexFree “until it demonstrates that the information provided in its application is accurate.”
The move comes on the heels of TelexFree’s April 13 bankruptcy filing in Nevada and fraud charges filed against the firm on April 15 by the Massachusetts Securities Division and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
In the letter and attachment from the Department of Commerce, the agency asked the PUC to question whether TelexFree was in any financial position to provide service in Minnesota and whether “any other factors” exisited that could be relevant in determining its suitability to operate in the state.
Among the considerations in granting a telecom license is “the extent to which the applicant has had any civil, criminal, or administrative action taken against it in connection with the applicant’s provision of telecommunications services,” the Department advised the PUC.
“A certificate to provide local facilities-based service must not be granted unless the applicant establishes that it has the financial, technical, and managerial capability to provide the services described in its petition consistent with the public interest,” the Department said.
In asking the PUC to deny TelexFree’s authority, the Department pointed to an April 18 email from “TELEX FREE’s former [telecom-registration] representative, Joseph Isaacs.”
The Isaacs’ email, the Department said, “indicates that TELEXFREE provided false and misleading information to the Department in its application for certification to provide long distance service.”
From the Department’s assertions to the PUC (italics added):
The allegedly misleading information provided in TELEX FREE’s application relate to the basic filing requirements of Minn. Rules pts. 7812.0300, subpt. 2 (E, F, and N): civil and administrative action pending, financial statements, and information relating to the technical, managerial and financial capabilities of TELEX FREE in support of its application for certification. The allegedly misleading information in the TELEX FREE’s application relate to the decision criteria in Minn. Rules pt. 7812.0300, subpt. 2 (C, D, and H).
If the Department had known this information, it would not have recommended approval of the application for certification to provide long distance service, without further investigation.
TelexFree operates as an MLM. Some of its members now are asking a federal bankruptcy judge to “bail out” the “program.”
Beyond that, the U.S. Trustee for the region in which TelexFree filed its bankruptcy petition (Nevada) said in court filings that “[t]here is compelling evidence of fraud, dishonesty and gross mismanagement of the affairs of the TelexFree debtor entities, TelexFree, LLC, TelexFree, Inc. and TelexFree Financial, Inc.”
TelexFree LLC was the entity granted authority to operate in Minnesota on April 18.
Tracy Hope Davis, the trustee, also alleged there are “reasonable grounds” to believe that “criminal conduct” occurred at TelexFree.
Challenges to its authority to provide telecom services could affect TelexFree’s ability to persuade a bankruptcy judge that it could continue as a going concern. Litigation against TelexFree is occurring at both the state and federal levels, and the firm also might face the prospect of class-action lawsuits from its distributors.
The Massachusetts Securities Division alleged on April 15 that information provided investigators in that state did not agree with information provided the Washington State Utilities and Transportation Commission.
Records in Nevada show that TelexFree’s pending telecom application in the state potentially could be denied for failure to advertise its application in newspapers as required by the state.
Although ads did appear in two newspapers, they did not appear as required in three others, records show.
URGENT >> BULLETIN >> MOVING: (Updated 6:24 P.M. EDT U.S.A.) The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission has entered the TelexFree fray in Nevada Bankruptcy Court and has petitioned the judge to transfer the case to Bankruptcy Court in the Central District of Massachusetts, an area that is a potential TelexFree stronghold. The Central District covers communities such as Worcester, Ashland, Framingham, Holliston, Bellingham, Franklin and Medway.
In a filing, the SEC also noted that the FBI and Department of Homeland Security are involved in a separate TelexFree probe led by the office of U.S. Attorney Carmen M. Ortiz. How long that probe has been under way was unclear in the filing.
SEC lawyers asserted Massachusetts was the “nerve center” of TelexFree and that TelexFree’s “late Sunday” bankruptcy filing in Nevada on Oct. 13 was a “transparent attempt to avoid Massachusetts, where their ‘business’ and numerous witnesses are located and where various government agencies have been investigating their fraudulent conduct.”
“[U]ntil [April 15], the U.S. Attorney’s Office was operating in secret,” the SEC advised a federal judge in Massachusetts last week, according to a transcript provided the Nevada Bankruptcy Court. “We couldn’t reveal ourselves without tipping things, so we had to wait until the search warrant was executed [on April 15.]”
TelexFree nevertheless knew the regulators were coming and started moving money, the SEC said.
One SEC investigator advised the Massachusetts judge who granted an asset freeze that he’d personally viewed “several hours” of TelexFree-related YouTube videos and performed transcription work before the SEC filed its fraud complaint last week, according to the transcript.
“[T]here are plenty of examples of each of those people helping to promote the scheme and helping to explain how great it is, how much money you can make for virtually no effort, and without — they’re all active enough, these people — well [James] Merrill, [Carlos] Wanzeler, and [Steve] Labriola are officers, they certainly know this,” the SEC investigator advised the Massachusetts judge.
The Massachusetts judge granted an asset freeze on April 16.
BULLETIN: (11th Update 2:35 p.m. EDT U.S.A.) The United States’ trustee who serves the region (Nevada) in which TelexFree’s bankruptcy case was filed on April 13 has alleged there are “reasonable grounds” to believe that “criminal conduct” occurred at TelexFree.
Trustee Tracy Hope Davis, who works for a division of the U.S. Department of Justice, says in Bankruptcy Court filings that the court should appoint a Chapter 11 trustee because “[t]here is compelling evidence of fraud, dishonesty and gross mismanagement of the affairs of the TelexFree debtor entities, TelexFree, LLC, TelexFree, Inc. and TelexFree Financial, Inc.
The motion by Davis cites separate fraud actions against TelexFree filed April 15 by the Massachusetts Securities Division (MSD) and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC). MSD is the state-level securities regulator in Massachusetts. The SEC is the top securities regulator in the United States.
“In response to subpoenas issued by the MSD in January and February, 2014, TelexFree changed its compensation plan so that promoters would now be required to sell its VoIP product in order to qualify for the payments that TelexFree had previously promised to pay them,” Davis alleged. “The rule change has generated a storm of protests from promoters who cannot recover their money. The change has also caused a precipitous decline in investor revenue which has pushed TelexFree into bankruptcy.”
Meanwhile, the Davis motion cites an SEC complaint and emergency motion in Massachusetts federal court on April 15 that successfully sought an asset freeze against alleged TelexFree co-owners James Merrill and Carlos Wanzeler and TelexFree CFO Joseph Craft (and others), along with a Temporary Restraining Order.
“Millions of additional investor funds received by TelexFree are presently unaccounted for,” Davis alleged. “Fortunately, the TRO was granted by the District Court for the District of Massachusetts and all of the Debtors’ accounts have been frozen pending a preliminary injunction.”
As a result of TelexFree, Davis alleged, “[t]wo companies controlled by Craft received more than $2,010,000.00 between November 19, 2013 and March 14, 2014.” Millions more allegedly went to Merrill and Wanzeler.
Among the assertions by Davis:
The Debtors did not disclose that several banks and at least one payment processor stopped doing business with them, apparently due to concerns about the legality of its multi-level marketing program.
It appears that part of the reason for the Debtors’ cash flow problems was the diversion of funds to insiders.
Craft was caught “holding the bag” when the U.S. Department of Homeland Security was executing a search warrant at TelexFree headquarters in Massachusetts on April 15.
“When Craft was caught ‘holding the bag’ during the execution of the HSI search warrant on April 15, 2014, nine of the ten cashier’s checks that were confiscated were dated April 11, 2014 and were remitted to Merrill,” Davis asserted. “Of these checks, five were made out to TelexFree, LLC totaling $25,548,809.00, and one was made out to Katia B. Wanzeler (Wanzeler’s wife) in the amount of $2,000,635.00. The tenth check, dated April 3, 2014, was remitted to Wanzeler and was made out to TelexFree Dominicana SRL in the amount of $10,398,000.00.”
Davis also expressed concern about a TelexFree board meeting that occurred in the hours leading up to the bankruptcy filing. (See April 21 PP Blog story that references the same meeting.)
From the Davis motion to appoint a trustee (italics added):
The minutes of the special meeting of the Board of Managers of TelexFree, LLC held on April 13, 2014, indicate that Merrill and Wanzeler comprise the entire Board of Managers (the “Board”). . . At this meeting, Merrill and Wanzeler selected Craft and [Stuart] MacMillian as the Debtors’ “Authorized Persons,” empowered to execute and file pleadings on behalf of the Debtors, to employ counsel and other professionals (including Craft’s accounting firm), and to exercise signature authority over the Debtors’ accounts. Although the minutes include language revoking any prior signature authority of other individuals, there is no language stating that Merrill and Wanzeler are stepping down from the Board or that anyone else is stepping up to serve as their replacements. On information and belief, the new interim CFO and CEO still report to and take direction from the Board which is still comprised of 2 individuals – Merrill and Wanzeler.
And, Davis alleged, “Merrill, Wanzeler, Craft, and possibly others have engaged in securities fraud, withheld material information from investors, and improperly diverted millions of dollars of estate property to themselves or their entities, as set forth in the SEC Complaint and Memorandum.”
In the trustee’s view, according to the allegations, “[t]he modus operandi of Merrill and Wanzeler and their cohorts suggests that it is more likely than not that anyone handpicked by them to manage their wholly owned companies will be another cohort.”
Davis asserted “on information and belief” that there have been “no allegations to date regarding the involvement of MacMillan (the new CEO) or [William] Runge (the new CRA) in the Debtors’ Ponzi scheme, neither is there any indication that these interim officers are truly independent of the fraud of ‘former’ management.”
And, Davis continued, “[t]he only way to ensure honest and independent management of these Debtors going forward is for the Court to direct the United States Trustee to appoint a Chapter 11 trustee.”
Virtually no one was safe from the TelexFree MLM financial menace, documents suggest. Not even the government.
How far and deep did the alleged TelexFree fraud pollution flow? The answer remains unclear a week after Ponzi- and pyramid allegations were filed against the enterprise, but documents suggest pollution at hundreds of thousands of points of contact across a spectrum of vendors, participants and government agencies.
It may be the largest MLM HYIP fraud in world history.
Records in Nevada show that the state Public Utilities Commission ordered TelexFree to pay for newspaper ads publicizing its application to become a telecom provider on April 9, just four days before the firm filed for bankruptcy protection in the state.
Though regulatory requirements vary from state to state, a firm may be asked to pay an application fee and generally must show it can meet the financial demands of being in the telecom business. Hearings may be scheduled to discuss applications and consider objections to them, thus creating the need to pay for public notices on websites and in newspapers.
Given assertions by regulators that TelexFree was a massive Ponzi and pyramid whose purported telecommunications product masked an epic securities-fraud scheme and contributed very little to its overall operation, it is possible that various TelexFree telecom applications in various states were paid for with Ponzi proceeds and that TelexFree vendors and consultants also were being paid with fraud proceeds.
TelexFree caused Nevada, for example, to be paid a $200 application fee. It caused Minnesota to be paid almost three times that sum, according to records. Given the nature of the TelexFree fraud allegations, an untold number of vendors, government agencies or downstream recipients of TelexFree money could have been paid with Ponzi proceeds.
By some accounts, TelexFree had hundreds of thousands of member accounts — people from all over the world who were being paid by the enterprise to recruit even more people.
Polluted money flowing to multiple points is one of the key dangers of HYIP Ponzi schemes. On April 17, TelexFree was the top story in the Department of Homeland Security’s daily infrastructure report.
Earlier, on April 5, a TelexFree promo appeared online in which TelexFree marketing executive Steve Labriola claimed the enterprise had picked up “550,000 new customers in [the] U.S.A. alone” since March 9. Logos of major American media firms rolled on the screen during the Labriola-narrated promo, including the logo of the Las Vegas Review Journal, Nevada’s largest newspaper. The promo implied TelexFree had the backing of the media. Regardless of the suggestion, however, the reality was that a PR news service had caused TelexFree-authored puff pieces to appear on the websites of the prominent media outlets.
Four days later, the Nevada PUC advised TelexFree that the Review-Journal was one of the newspapers in which TelexFree was required to advertise its telecom application. If ever there was a moment of pregnant irony in the MLM sphere, this was it.
The ads, according to the commission, needed to appear in a “minimum one column by three inch ad with black borders on all sides” no later than April 20.
Because TelexFree had asked that its financial reports to Nevada be filed under seal, Nevada Attorney General Catherine Cortez Masto filed a “Notice of Intent to Intervene” in the application process to represent “the public interest,” according to records.
Then-TelexFree President Jim Merrill and TelexFree telecom consultant Joseph Isaacs were copied on the PUC’s April 9 letter that advised TelexFree it was the firm’s responsibility to “contact the newspapers and make timely payment arrangements” for the required telecom-licensing ads, according to Nevada records.
Whether that occurred is unclear.
The PUC warned TelexFree that “your filing may be dismissed for failure to make payments timely.”
TelexFree’s bankruptcy filing occurred four days later, on April 13. Earlier, on April 4, TelexFree — through Florida-based Isaacs — advised the state of Alabama that it needed a hearing scheduled for April 10 to consider its telecom application postponed “for a month” owing to unspecified “scheduling conflicts.”
In Alabama filings, TelexFree contended that it had “total income” of nearly $700 million in 2013 and “net income” of more than $36 million.
Separately, in Minnesota filings in March, TelexFree made the same financial assertions and requested confidential treatment. Minnesota nevertheless published on its website the financial documents TelexFree submitted. Records show that Isaacs’ company sent Minnesota a check for $570 on March 24 to cover filing fees.
The Florida telecom consulting company of Joseph Isaacs made a payment of $570 to the state of Minnesota to cover TelexFree’s filing fees, according to records. Isaacs later would contend he’d been duped by TelexFree, an alleged Ponzi- and pyramid scheme that gathered more than $1.2 billion.
By April 15, the SEC was in federal court accusing Labriola and other TelexFree executives of fraud. In its complaint, the SEC made a specific reference to the Labriola video with the rolling logos of media companies and claims TelexFree had picked up more than 500,000 customers in less than a month. (The SEC notes a separate publication of the Labriola video on April 6, but the video appears to have been published on a different site a day earlier.)
In addition to the rolling media logos and claims TelexFree had scored more than half a million new customers, the video featured Labriola complaining about negative TelexFree coverage on Blogs and compared the firm’s experience with bad press to that of MLM companies such as Amway and Herbalife. Herbalife, an MLM company that promotes nutrition supplements, also is the subject of a government probe. It has denied wrongdoing.
The precise reason why Herbalife is under investigation is not publicly known. What is known is that part of the investigation reportedly reaches into the state of Massachusetts. (See April 11 Reuters report with a dateline of “New York/Boston.”)
TelexFree had an operation in Massachusetts. The SEC accused the firm of targeting Brazilian and Dominican communities. Hedge-fund manager Bill Ackman has contended that Herbalife is a pyramid scheme that targets vulnerable population groups.
“I know,” Labriola said in the April 5 video. “You’ve heard the Blogs. I’ve heard the Blogs. I hear every day, ‘The Blogs say this, the Blogs say that.’ You know what’s good about the Blogs talking about us? It means we’re growing. Have you heard about Amway? Herbalife? The big companies out there that have achieved their levels — Bloggers hit them all the time. So, the positive thing is [that] Bloggers are talking about us ’cause we’re growing, ’cause you’re growing the business. They will continue to hit companies that are growing.”
TelexFree was in bankruptcy court eight days later, on April 13. Promoters have claimed $289 sent to the firm returned $1,040 in a year and that $15,125 returned $57,200. TelexFree says it is a telecom firm, but also allegedly sold something called “AdCentral” packages that provided a return promoters described as “guaranteed.”
By April 18, according to filings elsewhere, Isaacs had contacted the Washington State Utilities and Transportation Commission and told regulators there that he believed he’d been duped on matters pertaining to TelexFree’s financial affairs, operations and ability to meet the demands of a competitive telecom company.
“It has come to my attention this week that my client TelexFree, LLC, whom has applied for or has recently been approved to provide telecommunications services in your state, has misrepresented their intentions, their business model, their customer base and the source of all of their revenue, income and profits declared on their 2013 financial statements that were provided to this commission for the approval of their petitions (applications in some jurisdictions),” Isaacs wrote.
Included with Isaacs letter to Washington state were copies of fraud complaints that had been filed against TelexFree April 15 by the Massachusetts Securities Division and the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission.
“Please disassociate my firm with these alleged [TelexFree] crooks,” Isaacs asked Washington state regulators.
As the PP Blog reported on April 15, one of the contentions against TelexFree by the Massachusetts Securities Division was that information TelexFree had provided Massachusetts investigators was at odds with information TelexFree had provided the Washington State Utilities and Transportation Commission.
Massachusetts also alleged that TelexFree was a massive Ponzi- and pyramid scheme that had gathered more than $1.2 billion.
When the SEC sued TelexFree on the same day, the agency contended that TelexFree co-owners James Merrill and Carlos Wanzeler and TelexFree CFO Joseph M. Craft had engaged in securities fraud and that the firm’s telecommunications product served as a front to mask an investment-fraud scheme.
On March 4, 2014, the PP Blog noted that Zeek Rewards, an MLM firm the SEC sued in 2012 amid allegations it had gathered hundreds of millions of dollars through a combined Ponzi- and pyramid scheme, appeared to have a high number of immigrants in its membership ranks.
A court-appointed receiver’s listing of alleged Zeek Ponzi winners living in the United States showed about 45 people with the last name of “Johnson” and about 52 with the name of “Smith.” By contrast, the document listed about 67 people with the name of “Wang,” about about 61 with the name “Tran,” and about 146 with the name of “Nguyen.” (See story and Comments thread.)
The document raises questions about whether American MLM firms are targeting immigrants and selling an improbable tale of riches to them. The TelexFree probe has led to similar questions.
There also may be concern across U.S. government agencies that some MLMers simply move from one fraud scheme to another. Multiple TelexFree members, for instance, appear to have been members and winners in the Zeek scheme. And some alleged Zeek winners also were participants in the AdSurfDaily MLM Ponzi scheme that collapsed in 2008.
The office of Nevada Attorney General Catherine Cortez Masto intends to intervene in TelexFree-related matters before the state Public Utilities Commission, according to this filing. Source: Nevada Public Utilities Commission. Red highlight by PP Blog.
BULLETIN: (Updated 8:56 p.m. EDT U.S.A.) The Consumer Protection Bureau of Nevada Attorney General Catherine Cortez Masto says in regulatory filings that it intends to intervene in TelexFree-related licensing matters before the Nevada Public Utilities Commission.
TelexFree, accused of conducting a Ponzi scheme that gathered $1.2 billion, has Nevada telecom applications pending for TelexFree LLC and TelexMobile. TelexFree filed for bankruptcy in Nevada last week.
Beatriz Aguirre, a spokeswoman for Masto, had no immediate comment on why the attorney general intended to intervene. More information may become available later, she said.
[** Update 8:56 p.m. In a letter dated March 31, according to Nevada records, TelexFree asked for telecom authorization. An application with 2013 financial information for TelexFree was submitted with the letter. TelexFree, according to the application, wanted the information “FILED AS CONFIDENTIAL — UNDER SEAL.” In a separate letter dated March 4, according to Nevada filings, TelexFree referred to a “Refiling of the Confidential Financials of Applicant,” saying “these financials contain trade secrets and should remain Confidential for as long as possible under Nevada Administrative Code.”
In an email to the PP Blog this evening, Aguirre referenced TelexFree’s request for confidentiality. The attorney general’s office filed its notice to intervene, according to a document provided by Aguirre, to represent “the public interest” with respect to TelexFree’s applications before the state PUC. Original story continues below. End of update **.]
Trouble with licensing could affect TelexFree’s ability to persuade a bankruptcy judge that it could continue as a going concern.
The SEC says TelexFree may owe $1.1 billion to promoters of its MLM scheme.
The agency further alleged that records suggest TelexFree co-owners James Merrill and Carlos Wanzeler “have caused more than $30 million to be transferred from TelexFree operating accounts to themselves and to affiliated companies in the past few months.”
Separately, the PP Blog has learned that Joe Craft, an accountant and TelexFree’s alleged CFO, is associated with a New Hampshire payment-processing business known as BWFC Processing Center LLC. A company by the same name operates in Nevada as a registered-agent service.
Craft was listed as “manager” of the New Hampshire entity in a filing in that state on Feb. 27, 2014. His role in the Nevada entity is unclear.
Regardless, documents exist that instruct customers looking to set up a “Nevada Mailing Address” to fax payments to an Indiana number associated with Craft. The service charges a “onetime” fee of $125 to “set up” a “Nevada Post Office box,” and an additional $180 as an “annual fee.” An additional fee of 3 percent for “merchant processing” is charged, bringing the first-year charges for the mailbox service to $314.15.
“**Payments will be made to the Indiana BWFC office**,” the instructions note. “**Post office box service will be performed by the Nevada BWFC office**” (Asterisks appear in the original document.)
Like Merrill and Wanzeler of TelexFree, Craft was accused by the SEC of securities fraud.
Two of the issues surrounding TelexFree concern precisely when Craft became CFO and his precise role in TelexFree prior to becoming CFO.
Regulatory filings to obtain a telecom license in Alabama identify Craft as TelexFree’s CFO during the opening week of March 2014. Page 19 of the 99-page Alabama filing shows an image of a March 8, 2014, document from the office of Alabama Secretary of State Jim Bennett. The document notes that the name TelexFree LLC was “reserved as available” in the state.
“This name reservation is for the exclusive use of BWFC Processing Center, LLC, 825 East Main St, Boonville, IN 47601 for a period of one year beginning March 08, 2014 and expiring March 08, 2015,” the document reads in part.
The East Main Street address is the address of both Craft’s accounting firm and the address of BWFC Processing Center LLC, the company listed in New Hampshire as a payment processor. As noted above, a company with the same name operates in Nevada and provides registered-agent services.
“Joe Craft” is listed on Page 3 of the March Alabama TelexFree filing as holding the “Official Title” of “CFO” of TelexFree LLC. Page 15 includes an oath recorded March 5, 2014, before a Massachusetts notary public. The oath bears the name and signature of Jim Merrill, who is listed as “President” of TelexFree LLC. The oath attests that the information in the Alabama document — an “Application for a Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity to provide interexchange telecommunications services in Alabama” — is true to the best of Merrill’s knowledge and belief.
The document appears accidentally to have identified Merrill as a woman, given that the certification line actually reads “the statements made herein are true to the best of her [emphasis added by PP Blog] knowledge and belief. Merrill appears not to have noticed when signing the document.
Despite the sworn oath of Merrill that Craft was the “Official” TelexFree “CFO” on March 5, 2014, however, TelexFree’s board appears not to have named Craft CFO until sometime after 8:11 p.m. on April 13, 2014, the same day TelexFree and related entities filed for bankruptcy in Nevada.
According to TelexFree’s bankruptcy filing, “Joe H. Craft” of “Joe H. Craft, CPA” was present at the meeting, which was called to order by Carlos Wanzeler.
During the meeting, the board and other attendees, including CPA Craft, “considered the Company’s liabilities, the strategic alternatives available to it, and the impact of each of the foregoing on the Company’s businesses,” according to the bankruptcy filing.
During the meeting, the board decided to file for bankruptcy. It then was resolved that “Joe H. Craft” would become one of TelexFree’s “authorized persons.” After this resolution, it then was resolved that “the Authorized Persons be, and they hereby are, authorized and directed to employ the accounting firm of Joe H. Craft, CPA to provide Joe H. Craft to serve as Chief Financial Officer of the Company while the Chapter 11 case is pending and to assist the Company in carrying out its duties under the Bankruptcy Code.”
Another resolution resolved that “Joe H. Craft be, and he hereby is, elected to serve as Chief Financial Officer of the Company.”
Three TelexFree related firms filed bankruptcy: TelexFree LLC of Nevada, TelexFree Inc. of Massachusetts and TelexFree Financial Inc. of Florida.
TelexFree Financial Inc., one of the companies included in the filing, was was “incorporated by Craft on December 26, 2013,” with Wanzeler and Merrill as its directors, according to the SEC.
TelexFree has pushed back on reports last week that Craft attempted to leave TelexFree’s Massachusetts office with a laptop computer and nearly $38 million in cashier’s checks while a search warrant was being executed by federal agents..
“The cashier’s checks were in Mr. Craft’s possession because the Company’s bank accounts had been closed, which necessitated the Company obtaining the funds in the form of cashier’s checks,” TelexFree said in a statement. “Upon the filing of the Chapter 11 cases, the Company determined to marshal all of the Company’s funds for the benefit of the Chapter 11 bankruptcy estate. Mr. Craft had taken possession of the cashier’s checks at the request of the Company’s counsel and advisors in order to assure that the estate funds were protected. Mr. Craft was holding the checks until they could be deposited in either a newly-established Company safe deposit box or an escrow account that the Company was in the process of establishing. The laptop was Mr. Craft’s personal property.”
From PonziTracker’s April 18 story (italics added):
. . . a casual read of the Motion makes clear that the company accused by regulators of being an “egregious” pyramid scheme seeks now to use the Bankruptcy Court’s power to eliminate the obligation to pay accrued compensation likely totaling hundreds of millions of dollars to “promoters” – under the theory that elimination of these obligations will allow the company to “ultimately prove successful and profitable.” Ironically, one of the chief concerns cited by TelexFree related to questions “raised as to whether the Original Comp Plan is compliant with law, which jeopardized the Debtors’ business.
On the same day, the PP Blog reported that TelexFree was the top story in Thursday’s infrastructure report by the Department of Homeland Security. Meanwhile, the Blog reported that TelexFree is calling the actions by Massachusetts and the SEC “precipitous and unnecessary.”
The Blog noted that some TelexFree members appear errantly to believe that the company already has been cleared of the Ponzi and pyramid charges. Uplines could be feeding them misinformation. Separately, BehindMLM.com reported that the federal judge in the SEC action has granted a Temporary Restraining Order against TelexFree.
As BehindMLM noted in its coverage, quoting the judge (italics added):
the Commission has shown that
1. It is reasonably likely to establish that TelexFree and the individual defendants James Merrill, Carlos Wanzeler, Steven Labriola, Joseph Craft, Sanderly Rodrigues de Vasconcelos, Santiago De La Rosa, Randy Crosby and Faith Sloan have directly or indirectly engaged in the violations alleged in the complaint . . .
At the moment, major civil litigation against TelexFree in the United States is occurring on at least two fronts. The number could rise, given that TelexFree allegedly operated in at least 20 U.S. states. And because the SEC has described a “search warrant” that was executed in Massachusetts, it is almost certain a criminal probe by at least two U.S. agencies is under way.
TelexFree also is under investigation in Brazil.
To hear some TelexFree members tell it, however, none of these things seem to matter or can be regarded as ordinary events.
At least two petition drives in support of TelexFree have started in recent hours. One of them asks a U.S. Bankruptcy Judge to “Bail out Telexfree.” Another appears not to petition a specific judicial officer. Rather, it appears to ask TelexFree members to support the firm’s bankruptcy filing because TelexFree “has meant a real opportunity to bring sustenance to each of our homes.”
Similar petitions popped up after the SEC alleged in 2012 that the Zeek Rewards “program” was a Ponzi- and pyramid scheme that had gathered $600 million. Further investigation now puts that number at between $845 and $897 million. In the interim, two Zeek insiders have been charged with federal crimes and the court-appointed receiver in the case is pursuing clawback claims from thousands of alleged Zeek winners.
In the 2008 AdSurfDaily MLM Ponzi-scheme case, petitions to support ASD also popped up. The Ponzi dollar figure in that case mushroomed from $53 million to $119 million over the course of the probe. Like Zeek, the ASD case started as a civil prosecution with a parallel criminal investigation. ASD President Andy Bowdoin has been in prison since mid-2012. He was sentenced to serve 78 months.
The Zeek and ASD proceeds combined total at least $969 million. If the $1.2 billion asserted in the Massachusetts complaint proves accurate, it means that TelexFree not only fetched more than Zeek and ASD combined, but also may end up holding the title of the largest MLM HYIP Ponzi- and pyramid scheme in history.
There is no doubt that Zeek and ASD members helped fuel the TelexFree machine.
Effectively having been accused of rivaling Scott Rothstein’s epic Ponzi scheme, TelexFree issued a statement this afternoon that calls the government actions against it “precipitous and unnecessary.”
Rothstein’s Florida-based Ponzi scheme collapsed in 2009. It gathered about $1.2 billion before toppling, and is one of the largest Ponzi schemes in U.S. history.
On Tuesday, Massachusetts Commonwealth Secretary William Galvin described TelexFree as a combined Ponzi- and pyramid fraud that had fetched about $1.2 billion. On Thursday, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission — the nation’s top securities regulator — described TelexFree as a collapsed pyramid scheme that recorded $1.3 million in sales of its VOIP product between August 2012 and March 2014, but racked up liabilities of about $1.1 billion because of an attached investment scheme and tiered payouts due members.
TelexFree largely was targeted at Brazilian and Dominican immigrants, the SEC said.
In its statement today, TelexFree said it disputed “the material allegations made by these agencies and regrets that their actions impede our ability to continue to serve our customers, restructure our operations, and thereby emerge as a stronger and more competitive company.”
“Unfortunately,” TelexFree said, “the precipitous and unnecessary actions taken by the state and federal agencies have temporarily suspended the VoIP services TelexFREE customers rely on.”
Meanwhile, it asserted its Sunday Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in Nevada demonstrated its “belief in the strength of our core business and products and the enthusiasm and dedication of our independent sales associates as well as our determination to protect the assets of the Company and maximize the recoveries for all constituents.”
The statement did not say whether four alleged hucksters charged by the SEC with fraud for pushing the TelexFree “program” would have to pay for their own lawyers. Four alleged TelexFree executives or co-owners also were charged.
TelexFree’s statement was at odds with claims made by some of its own promoters today. While TelexFree itself acknowledged the litigation filed against it by the Massachusetts Securities Division and the SEC and acknowledged its own unfinished bankruptcy case, some promoters claimed the firm had been ruled not to be Ponzi scheme and that the court had confirmed the legality of TelexFree.
From yesterday’s national infrastructure report by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security. Red highlight by PP Blog.
TelexFree — specifically the Ponzi- and pyramid complaint filed against it Tuesday by Massachusetts Commonwealth Secretary William Galvin — was the top story yesterday in the U.S. Department of Homeland Security’s daily infrastructure report.
DHS was formed after the terrorist attacks of Sept. 11, 2001. Galvin alleged that TelexFree had gathered more than $1.2 billion in a massive, international fraud scheme.
Yesterday’s infrastructure briefing singled out four “Top Stories” in the United States, with TelexFree listed at the top of the thumbnail reports.
“The Massachusetts Securities Division charged TelexFREE Inc., with running a Ponzi scheme targeting Brazilian-Americans that has raised over $90 million from Massachusetts residents and around $1 billion globally,” the thumbnail read.
DHS pointed to a story by Jordan Maglich in Forbes on the Massachusetts action. The agency listed the TelexFree matter in the infrastructure category of “Financial Services.”
Yesterday’s infrastructure report did not mention that DHS itself had a role in executing a search warrant and securing the premises of TelexFree’s headquarters in Marlborough, Mass.
Agents were at the site Tuesday, the same day Galvin filed a state-level action and the SEC filed a federal action. An SEC affidavit credits DHS and a Bristol County Sheriff’s Deputy with stopping a bid by an accused TelexFree executive to remove nearly $38 million in cashier’s checks from the premises.
The DHS infrastructure report is culled from various media reports. Although yesterday’s report highlighted four top stories across a broad spectrum, it also listed stories in various categories of infrastructure protection.
These include:
Energy
Financial Services
Chemical
Transportation Systems
Nuclear Reactors, Materials, and Waste
Information Technology
Critical Manufacturing
Communications
Defense Industrial Base
Commercial Facilities
Dams
Government Facilities
Food and Agriculture
Emergency Services
Water and Wastewater Systems
Healthcare and Public Health
The DHS Daily Open Source Infrastructure Reports are available here.
Faith Sloan as shown in a YouTube video promoting TelexFree, an alleged pyramid scheme that “mainly targeted Dominican and Brazilian immigrants in the U.S.,” the SEC said.
URGENT >> BULLETIN >> MOVING: (19th Update 5:45 p.m. ET U.S.A.) The U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) has filed charges against the alleged TelexFree pyramid scheme and a federal judge has granted an asset freeze.
TelexFree was a sham to mask an investment scheme known as “AdCentral” in which affiliates were told they could earn money without selling anything as long as they placed “meaningless ads” for the the program’s VOIP product on the Internet “and recruit[ed] others to do the same,” the SEC charged.
The TelexFree “program” was targeted mainly at “Dominican and Brazilian immigrants in the U.S.,” the SEC alleged.
One of its key promoters, Sanderley Rodrigues de Vasconcelos, also known as Sann Rodrigues, has a history of both pyramid-scheming with telephone products and affinity fraud, the SEC said.
On March 9, after TelexFree had received subpoenas on Jan. 22 and Feb. 5 from the Massachusetts Securities Division, according to assertions in TelexFree’s bankruptcy case filed earlier this week, TelexFree changed its compensation scheme. The Securities Division is the state-level regulator in Massachusetts and is overseen by Commonwealth Secretary William Galvin.
Galvin filed a state-level civil action against TelexFree on Tuesday that alleged an epic Ponzi and pyramid scheme that had gathered more than $1.2 billion. Records now show the SEC was in court on the same day, filing a federal case under seal and seeking an asset freeze. A federal judge granted the freeze yesterday, and the seal was lifted today, the SEC said.
“Prior to the rule change on March 9, 2014, there was no requirement that AdCentral promoters actually sell any VoiP packages in order to receive their weekly payments,” the SEC charged. “Indeed, TelexFree and its promoters repeatedly emphasized that AdCentral members did not have to sell anything — they simply had to post the internet ads. The slogan repeated over and over was “everybody gets paid weekly.”
Named defendants in the SEC’s action are TelexFree Inc., TelexFree LLC, TelexFree co-owner James Merrill of Ashland, Mass., TelexFree co-owner and treasurer Carlos Wanzeler of Northborough, Mass., TelexFree CFO Joseph H. Craft of Boonville, Ind., and TelexFree’s international sales director, Steve Labriola of Northbridge, Mass.
Also charged were four individual promoters: Sanderley Rodrigues de Vasconcelos, formerly of Revere, Mass., now of Davenport, Fla., Santiago De La Rosa of Lynn, Mass., Randy N. Crosby of Alpharetta, Ga., and Faith R. Sloan of Chicago.
How much they allegedly earned was not immediately clear.
The SEC is the top securities regulator in the United States.
“This is one of several pyramid-scheme cases that the SEC has filed recently where parties claim that investors can earn profits by recruiting other members or investors instead of doing any real work,” said Paul G. Levenson, director of the SEC’s Boston Regional Office. “Even after the SEC and other regulators have alleged that such programs are a fraud, the promoters of TelexFree continued selling the false promise of easy money.”
Named a relief defendant as the alleged recipient of fraud proceeds from TelexFree was TelexFree Financial Inc. of Coconut Creek, Fla.
“It was incorporated by Craft on December 26, 2013,” the SEC alleged. “Its officers and directors are Wanzeler and Merrill, and Wanzeler is its registered agent. On December 30 and December 31, 2013, it received wire transfers totaling $4,105,000 from TelexFree, Inc. and TelexFree, LLC.”
Also named a relief defendant was TelexElectric LLLP of Las Vegas. “It was formed on December 2, 2013,” the SEC charged. “Its general partners are Wanzeler and Merrill. Financial statements prepared by Craft indicate that TelexFree made a $2,022,329 ‘loan’ to TelexElectric.”
In addition, Telex Mobile Holdings Inc. of Las Vegas was named a relief defendant.
“It was incorporated on November 26, 2013,” the SEC alleged. “Its officers are Wanzeler and Merrill. Financial statements prepared by Craft indicate that TelexFree made a $500,870 ‘loan’ to Telex Mobile.”
The PP Blog reported the existence of asserted TelexFree intracompany loans on March 9.
Craft, the SEC said, “has been the chief financial officer of other multi-level marketing companies.”
The Boston Globe is reporting this afternoon that during a raid of the TelexFree Massachusetts office Tuesday by the FBI and the Department of Homeland Security, Craft “tried to leave the scene with a laptop and cashier’s checks totaling nearly $38 million.”
In its complaint, the SEC said that “on April 11 (just before TelexFree filed for bankruptcy), Merrill and the wife of Wanzeler obtained cashier’s checks in the total amount of $25,552,402. The checks are payable to TelexFree, LLC.”
Citing information it had received from a bank, “TelexFree, LLC sent $10,389,000 to an entity known as TelexFree Dominicana, SRL,” the SEC alleged. Records suggest this transaction occurred on April 3, 2013.
And federal “wire transfer records show that Wanzeler wired $3.5 million to the Oversea-Chinese Banking Corporation in Singapore on January 2, 2014, the SEC alleged.
“The Commission has not yet been able to obtain a complete set of statements from the defendants’ banks, brokerage firms, and credit card payment processing services,” the SEC said in its complaint. “However, the information available to date, from bank records and other financial records as well as from statements made by various defendants, indicates that Merrill and Wanzeler, who had sole authority to transfer TelexFree corporate funds until the bankruptcy filing, have caused more than $30 million to be transferred from TelexFree operating accounts to themselves and to affiliated companies in the past few months.”
Merrill received $3,136,200 on Dec. 26 and Dec. 27, 2013, the SEC alleged, citing bank statements. On the same dates, Wanzeler “received $4,317,800,” the SEC alleged.
Again citing bank statements, the SEC alleged that approximately $14.3 million “was transferred to newly-created brokerage accounts in the name ofTelexFree, LLC” in December 2013. The complaint outlines other money routes prior to the bankruptcy filing, which seeks the “authority to reject all existing AdCentral contracts” with TelexFree promoters.
The PP Blog reported on Monday that TelexFree was seeking to reject the contracts.
SEC investigators, according to the fraud complaint, plucked a number of online videos featuring TelexFree’s top promoters.
“When telling his success story in an internet video on March 13, 2013, Rodrigues stated, ‘Just place your ads every day and everyone gets paid weekly,’” the SEC charged. “He also asked and answered the following question: ‘What company in the country, in the world, you can make money . . . you don’t need to sell anything? Now it exists. TelexFree.’”
In April 2013, Crosby was quoted in a video as saying, “What if you were with a company that would pay you just to advertise the service? . . . They’re paying us to advertise the service. It’s just that simple.”
He added that members do not have to “worry about selling to the public,” the SEC charged.
Just two months after the Profitable Sunrise action, Sloan allegedly was flogging TelexFree.
“Sloan stated in an internet video on June 12, 2013, ‘Place your ads, and you go about your day,’” the SEC charged.
“You do that for seven days a week, you get paid every single week,” the SEC continued, quoting Sloan.
She added, “You don’t have to build,” the SEC charged. “You don’t have to sell.”
Like similar schemes before it that had collected hundreds of millions of dollars — AdSurfDaily, Zeek Rewards, Imperia Invest IBC, Pathway To Prosperity and Profitable Sunrise — TelexFree had a presence on well-known Ponzi scheme forums such as TalkGold and MoneyMakerGroup.
And what about the photos showing Merrill posing in front of a large building In Massachusetts? The SEC said they were part of the scheme to defraud.
From the SEC’s complaint (italics added):
The “Founder” section of the TelexFree website includes a photo of Merrill standing in front of a large three-story building, with the caption “Mr. Merrill in front of the headquarters of Telexfree in the USA.” At least two versions of the marketing presentation on the company website contained a photo of Merrill and a photo of the same building with the caption “The Company HS: United States.” The use of the building photo is misleading. TelexFree, Inc. does not own or occupy the entire building. In fact, it originally shared a single suite (consisting of a receptionist, conference rooms, and cubicles) with 28 other companies. Only in December 2013 did it move into its own suite, which occupies a portion of the first floor. TelexFree, LLC has no physical office at all, just a mailing address in Nevada.
From the SEC’s statement on the TelexFree case (italics added):
According to the SEC’s complaint, the defendants sold securities in the form of TelexFree “memberships” that promised annual returns of 200 percent or more for those who promoted TelexFree by recruiting new members and placing TelexFree advertisements on free Internet ad sites. The SEC complaint alleges that TelexFree’s VoIP sales revenues of approximately $1.3 million from August 2012 through March 2014 are barely one percent of the more than $1.1 billion needed to cover its promised payments to its promoters. As a result, in classic pyramid scheme fashion, TelexFree is paying earlier investors, not with revenue from selling its VoIP product but with money received from newer investors.
BULLETIN: (UPDATED 11:38 P.M. EDT U.S.A.) The court-appointed receiver in the WCM777 Ponzi- and pyramid case says in court filings that she has stopped a “new multi-level marketing scheme” that had been under development by WCM777 in a warehouse in El Monte, Calif.
WCM777, alleged by the SEC to have gathered about $65 million, purportedly was in the “cloud” computing business and may have more than 479,000 “member accounts.”
Receiver Krista L. Freitag says in a report that she has identified more than “100 domain names” associated with the alleged WCM777 fraudsters.
Meanwhile, Freitag says she is seeking an order to freeze the bank accounts of an attorney linked to accused WCM777 Ponzi schemer Phil Ming Xu.
The lawyer, according to the receiver, purportedly is “the beneficiary of a $5 million non-recourse loan, to be repaid in 2019 in a single balloon payment” and allegedly claimed he’d lost a cashier’s check for $200,000. The purported loan allegedly came from a Xu-owned entity.
At the same time, Freitag says her preliminary analysis suggests that Xu, who allegedly squired the purchase of two golf courses and at least six other properties for millions of dollars in cash, may have an association with at least 28 business entities. One is known as “12 Zodiacs Inc.” Another uses the words “Medical Group” when forming its name. Yet-another is described as “US Immigration Investment Assoc.” Still-another is called “WCM Art Inc.”
Perhaps like the Zeek Rewards MLM HYIP scheme before it, WCM777 could lead to an incredible paper chase that serves up intriguing but worrisome sidebars of black comedy. Another of the entities listed in the WCM777 receiver’s report, for example, potentially has an all-subsuming name: “Frequency Holdings Inc.”
The El Monte MLM scheme was being developed by “numerous of the same defendants and personnel” involved in WCM777, Freitag advised a federal judge.
U.S. District Judge Christina A. Snyder is presiding over the case. It was not immediately clear whether the alleged emerging scheme was “Global-Unity,” which once used a photograph of a golden pyramid on its website.
What is clear is that Freitag has been plenty busy since the SEC fraud case was filed March 27. In one instance, she advised the judge, the receivership observed a “third party” removing “furniture and art work” from a property linked to WCM777.
“The Receiver promptly contacted the Monrovia [Calif.] police department and made a report,” Freitag advised the judge. “The Receiver has investigated the removal of art and furniture and has identified the people who removed the personal property. The Receiver has demanded the return of the art and furniture.”
In another instance, Freitag said in the report to the judge, the receivership observed “live Koi” at a WCM777-linked property, this one in Walnut, Calif.
“Koi” are color-splotched, trainable, domesticated carp originally bred in Japan and reportedly known to recognize the persons feeding them and to eat out of the hands of their owners, according to the Wikipedia entry for the species.
Some websites sell Koi for thousands of dollars apiece.
“The Receiver has taken steps to maintain these fish in the event they have value to the receivership estate,” Freitag advised the judge.
On the money front, the receiver advised the judge that the receivership now has in its possession “$11.28 million” of WCM777-connected money that once had been in the trust account of a law firm, $1.5 million that had been in a bank account and designated to be part of a WCM777-connected real-estate acquisition and an “aggregate of approximately $2.54 million held in other accounts of the Receivership Entities or recovered from other entities.”
Freitag also has met with Xu and his lawyers, according to the receiver’s report to the judge.
“This interview lasted several hours, during which the Receiver primarily focused on identifying assets of the Receivership Entities that needed to be secured, as well as gaining understanding of any past or present operations that were being conducted by Receivership Entities,” Freitag advised the judge.”Among other things, these interviews yielded significant information concerning funds transferred to Vincent Messina as well as a myriad of investments, loans, and transfers that need to be addressed by the Receiver.”
Messina is a lawyer WCM777 billed as its “In-house Legal Counsel,” according to affiliate promos.
From the receiver’s report (italics/carriage returns added):
During her initial investigation, the Receiver learned that, approximately one month before this case was filed, $5 million was transferred from ToPacific, Inc., an entity owned by Defendant Phil Ming Xu and whose accounts are now frozen, to the IOLTA trust account of attorney Vincent Messina.
Mr. Messina has refused to turn over the funds and his counsel has stated that some of funds have already been disbursed, but the details of those disbursements have not been provided. The Receiver initially sought to recover the funds from Mr. Messina, which Mr. Messina refused. The Receiver then asked Mr. Messina to agree to escrow the undisbursed funds pending further order of the Court and provide an accounting of the funds he received. On April 4, 2014, Mr. Messina, the Receiver, and the Commission agreed that $2.332 million wired by Mr. Messina from various accounts he controls to the client trust account of Thompson Hine LLP, Mr. Messina’s attorneys, would be held in escrow by Thompson Hine pending further order of the Court. Mr. Messina still refuses, however, to provide any information about the remaining $2.668 million, stating only that it was disbursed for “business purposes.”
On April 8, 2014, Maranda Fritz of Thompson Hine confirmed that $2,133,214.62 has been received by Thompson Hine and is being held pursuant to the escrow agreement. The remaining $200,000 to be held pursuant to the escrow agreement has not yet been received.
The Receiver also learned Mr. Messina obtained a $200,000 cashier’s check from Bank of America, which he claims he lost. Mr. Messina is apparently putting in a claim with Bank of America that the funds be credited back to his account. Bank of America advises it may take as long as 91 days for such claim to be approved and the funds credited back to Mr. Messina’s account.
Mr. Messina’s position is that the $5 million transfer is a loan pursuant to a two-line loan agreement dated February 27, 2014, in which Mr. Messina is the beneficiary of a $5 million non-recourse loan, to be repaid in 2019 in a single balloon payment. The funds were wired to Mr. Messina’s IOLTA trust account . The purported loan agreement is virtually identical to purported non-recourse, unsecured loan agreements signed by Receivership Entity Manna Holding Group, Inc., an entity owned by Mr. Xu’s wife, in connection with large transfers fromWorld Capital Market, Inc. and Kingdom Capital Market, LLC for the purchase of real property. Declaration of [lead SEC investigator] Peter Del Greco, Dkt. No. 6, Exhibits 32 and 33. No payments are due under the purported loan agreement until January 2019.
Moreover, Defendant Ming Xu subsequently asked for return of the “retainer” from Mr. Messina, which undermines a claim that this was a bona fide loan transaction for some legitimate purpose.
The Receiver is filing an ex parte application concurrently with this report requesting that Mr. Messina’s bank accounts be frozen and he be directed to provide an accounting of all funds received from the Receivership Entities, including ToPacific, Inc. Such immediate relief is necessary to protect investors from further dissipation of the funds pending further investigation and a determination by the Court of the true nature of the $5 million transfer.
